Authorship Criteria

Jurnal Bisnis Mahasiswa (JBM) is committed to transparency, fairness, and accountability in attributing authorship. Authorship must reflect genuine intellectual contribution to the research and the manuscript, and must not be based on institutional position, seniority, funding, or other non-substantive considerations. This policy is informed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), particularly its Discussion Document on Authorship.

1. Eligibility for Authorship

A person may be named as an author of a manuscript submitted to JBM only when their contribution shows substantive intellectual involvement in the research and in preparing the manuscript. Authors must be able to explain what they contributed and must accept responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of their work.

Qualifying contributions may include:

  • Conceptualization: developing the research question, objectives, hypotheses, theoretical framework, or central ideas of the study.
  • Methodology: making a substantial intellectual contribution to developing or selecting the research design, methods, or analytical framework.
  • Investigation and data analysis: contributing substantially to data collection, data curation, statistical analysis, or the interpretation of empirical evidence.
  • Interpretation of findings: helping to interpret results, build arguments, and formulate the theoretical, empirical, or practical implications of the study.
  • Writing and critical revision: drafting the manuscript or critically revising it to improve its important intellectual content.

These examples help the journal judge the substance of each contribution. Routine assistance, or taking part in only one of these activities, does not by itself establish eligibility for authorship. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

2. Responsibilities of Authors

Every person listed as an author is expected to:

  1. Make a genuine and substantial intellectual contribution to the research or manuscript.
  2. Take part in drafting the manuscript or critically revising it for important intellectual content.
  3. Review and approve the final version of the manuscript before submission or publication.
  4. Accept responsibility for their own contributions and cooperate in resolving questions about the accuracy, integrity, or reliability of the research.
  5. Ensure that everyone who qualifies for authorship is credited, and that no eligible contributor is wrongly left out.
  6. Disclose relevant conflicts of interest and ensure that information on funding, data, research methods, and other declarations is accurate.
  7. Cooperate with the editorial team by providing clarification or supporting documents when concerns about authorship arise.

COPE recommends that journals communicate their authorship criteria clearly, obtain authorship declarations where appropriate, and establish accountability for the integrity of submitted work. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

3. Contributions That Do Not Qualify for Authorship

Contributions that do not, on their own, show substantive intellectual involvement are generally not sufficient for authorship. These may include:

  • Providing funding or financial support without a qualifying intellectual contribution.
  • Holding a senior academic, institutional, managerial, or supervisory position.
  • Providing routine administrative help or general project coordination.
  • Performing routine data entry, transcription, or technical assistance without substantial intellectual involvement.
  • Providing language editing, proofreading, translation, or formatting that does not affect the intellectual content.
  • Offering general supervision or mentorship without making a qualifying contribution to the article itself.
  • Giving comments or suggestions that do not amount to substantial intellectual development of the manuscript.

People whose contributions do not meet the criteria may be named in the Acknowledgments section, with their permission. The acknowledgment must describe their contribution accurately and must not suggest authorship where the criteria are not met.

COPE distinguishes authorship from acknowledgment and advises journals to adopt transparent policies for recognizing contributions appropriately. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

4. Authorship Order

The order of authors should be agreed by all authors and should reflect the nature and extent of each person's scholarly contribution to the research and manuscript.

Order must not be set solely on the basis of academic rank, institutional seniority, supervisory role, financial contribution, or personal relationships. All authors should discuss and agree on the order before submission.

For collaborative research across institutions or disciplines, authors are encouraged to settle authorship arrangements early in the project and to revisit them if contributions change.

COPE stresses the importance of transparent authorship policies and clear agreements among contributors in preventing authorship disputes. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

5. Corresponding Author Responsibilities

The corresponding author is the main point of contact between the authors and the journal during submission, peer review, revision, and publication.

The corresponding author is responsible for:

  1. Ensuring that all authors have reviewed and approved the submitted manuscript.
  2. Confirming that all listed authors agree to the submission and to the stated order of authorship.
  3. Providing accurate author names, affiliations, contact details, and contribution statements.
  4. Passing on editorial decisions, revision requests, and publication information to all co-authors.
  5. Submitting any authorship declarations or supporting documents the journal requests.
  6. Informing the editorial office of any proposed change to authorship.
  7. Facilitating communication among co-authors when questions arise about contributions or research integrity.

The corresponding author must not add, remove, or reorder authors without following the journal's procedures and obtaining the agreement of the authors concerned. COPE recommends clear authorship declarations and communication with named authors to reduce the risk of unauthorized or disputed authorship. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

6. Author Contributions Statement

Every submission must include an Author Contributions Statement describing accurately what each author contributed to the research and the manuscript.

Authors may use the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) where appropriate, which includes:

  • Conceptualization
  • Methodology
  • Formal analysis
  • Investigation
  • Data curation
  • Writing – original draft
  • Writing – review and editing
  • Visualization
  • Supervision
  • Project administration
  • Funding acquisition

Only roles that reflect work actually performed should be declared. A role label alone does not establish eligibility for authorship; the journal will assess the overall nature and substance of each person's contribution.

Contributions from people who do not qualify as authors may be described separately in the Acknowledgments section, where appropriate and with their permission.

COPE recommends that journals consider obtaining statements that identify each author's specific contribution and confirm that everyone deserving authorship has been included. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

7. Changes in Authorship

Any request to add, remove, or reorder authors after submission must be made in writing to the editorial office. The request must explain the reason for the change clearly and include written agreement from all authors concerned, including anyone being added or removed.

The editorial team may ask for further information or documents before deciding, and may pause editorial consideration while the request is assessed.

A change will be considered only if the reasons are satisfactory, the required agreements have been obtained, and the request complies with the journal's publication ethics policy.

Requests to change authorship after publication will be handled under the journal's correction policy and the applicable publication ethics procedures.

COPE advises journals to obtain the agreement of all authors when authorship changes are requested after submission or publication. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

8. Guest, Gift, and Ghost Authorship

JBM does not accept guest, gift, or ghost authorship.

  • Guest or gift authorship means listing someone as an author when they have made no qualifying contribution.
  • Ghost authorship means failing to acknowledge a person whose contribution warrants authorship.
  • Inappropriate authorship attribution includes leaving out eligible contributors, misrepresenting individual contributions, or listing people without their knowledge or consent.

All authorship information must accurately reflect the contributions made to the research and manuscript. Academic position, funding, supervision, or institutional authority must not substitute for a qualifying scholarly contribution.

COPE regards inappropriate authorship attribution as an important publication ethics concern and encourages journals to set clear criteria and transparent procedures for handling authorship problems. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

9. Authorship Disputes and Ethical Concerns

Authorship disputes should, where possible, be resolved through constructive communication among the people involved and their institutions.

When a concern is raised, the journal may ask for written explanations, contribution statements, correspondence, or other relevant documents. The editorial team will assess the matter impartially and may suspend editorial processing while it investigates.

If a dispute cannot be resolved satisfactorily, the journal may refer the matter to the relevant institution or follow other appropriate publication ethics procedures. The journal does not decide employment or disciplinary matters, which fall outside its authority.

Suspected authorship misconduct will be handled under the journal's editorial policies and applicable COPE guidance. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.

 

The journal may request additional information or documents when needed to verify these declarations and uphold publication ethics. This approach is consistent with COPE's recommendations on authorship statements, contributor transparency, and responsibility for the integrity of published work. See the COPE Discussion Document on Authorship.