Gaya kepemimpinan dan dampaknya pada perilaku perawat di rumah sakit
Sebuah mini review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60036/jbm.999Keywords:
Gaya Kepemimpinan, Perilaku Perawat, Kinerja, Kesejahteraan Psikologis, Rumah SakitAbstract
Tujuan – Perilaku perawat merupakan faktor penentu utama kualitas pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit. Gaya kepemimpinan memiliki peran penting dalam membentuk perilaku, kinerja dan kesejahteraan psikologis perawat. Mini review ini menganalisis dampak berbagai gaya kepemimpinan terhadap perilaku perawat berdasarkan temuan penelitian terkini.
Desain/metodologi/pendekatan – Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui basis data Proquest, Scopus dan EBSCO menggunakan kata kunci "leadership style," "hospital," "healthcare," "effect," dan "outcome." Dari 62 artikel yang diidentifikasi, 15 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi (2022–2025, bahasa Inggris / Indonesia, konteks rumah sakit) dan dianalisis secara tematik.
Temuan – Hasil analisis mengidentifikasi enam tema utama : (1) kepemimpinan transformasional dan servant leadership meningkatkan kinerja dan pemberdayaan perawat, (2) kepemimpinan suportif menurunkan turnover dan burnout, sementara kepemimpinan toksik meningkatkan tekanan psikologis, (3) authentic dan servant leadership memperkuat praktik etis dan patient centered care, (4) digital transformational leadership meningkatkan keterampilan organisasi dan keberlanjutan, (5) safety leadership meningkatkan perilaku aman dan menurunkan stres kerja, (6) kepemimpinan inklusif meningkatkan adaptabilitas organisasi multikultural.
Keterbatasan penelitian – Mini review ini memiliki keterbatasan berupa jumlah artikel yang terbatas (15 dari 62 studi) dengan rentang publikasi 2022-2025 dan dominasi desain cross-sectional, sehingga membatasi representativitas hasil dan kemampuan menarik kesimpulan kausalitas. Selain itu, kriteria inklusi yang hanya menyertakan artikel berbahasa Inggris dan Indonesia serta minimnya representasi konteks budaya lokal Indonesia dapat menimbulkan bias publikasi dan membatasi generalisasi temuan pada setting rumah sakit dengan karakteristik budaya tertentu.
Implikasi – Temuan ini berimplikasi pada perlunya rumah sakit mengembangkan program pelatihan kepemimpinan terstruktur khususnya transformasional, autentik, dan servant leadership, disertai evaluasi berkala menggunakan instrumen valid serta penegakan kebijakan zero tolerance terhadap kepemimpinan toksik. Pada tataran pendidikan, diperlukan kurikulum berbasis kompetensi yang mengintegrasikan etika profesional dan pembelajaran berbasis pengalaman, sementara penelitian selanjutnya perlu mengeksplorasi dampak longitudinal kepemimpinan dalam konteks budaya Indonesia serta evaluasi implementasi program pengembangan kepemimpinan di rumah sakit nasional.
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