Optimalisasi subsidi gas rumah tangga berbasis targeting efisien dan kesejahteraan sosial: Pendekatan konseptual multi level di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60036/jbm.979Keywords:
Subsidi Energi, Gas Rumah Tangga, Targeting Efisien, Kesejahteraan Sosial, Kebijakan PublikAbstract
Tujuan – Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis strategi optimalisasi subsidi gas rumah tangga di Indonesia melalui pendekatan targeting efisien berbasis data digital untuk meningkatkan efisiensi fiskal dan kesejahteraan sosial.
Desain/metodologi/pendekatan – Penelitian menggunakan systematic literature review (SLR) terhadap 20 studi nasional dan internasional dari jurnal bereputasi (Scopus, WoS, SINTA 1-2) serta laporan lembaga resmi (World Bank, IMF, OECD, IEA, Kementerian ESDM). Analisis dilakukan dengan pendekatan content analysis untuk mengidentifikasi tema utama, kerangka teoretis, dan temuan empiris terkait subsidi energi, efisiensi fiskal, dan kesejahteraan sosial.
Temuan – Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) lebih dari 40% penerima subsidi LPG 3 kg bukan kelompok miskin (inclusion error), sementara 27% rumah tangga miskin tidak menerima subsidi (exclusion error); (2) digitalisasi penyaluran subsidi melalui integrasi DTKS-NIK mampu menekan kebocoran fiskal hingga 25%; (3) subsidi LPG berkontribusi menurunkan energy poverty 10-15%, namun terdapat ketimpangan spasial (urban bias) dan gender dalam distribusi manfaat. Model konseptual yang dikembangkan menunjukkan hubungan kausal: digital targeting → efisiensi fiskal → kesejahteraan sosial.
Keterbatasan penelitian – Kajian bersifat konseptual berbasis SLR dan belum didukung oleh data mikro rumah tangga atau uji empiris langsung. Literatur sebagian besar berfokus pada konteks Asia Tenggara sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan regional bias. Model konseptual belum diuji secara kuantitatif menggunakan SEM atau system dynamics.
Implikasi – Pemerintah perlu mengintegrasikan DTKS dengan NIK dan data konsumsi energi, membentuk unit koordinasi nasional subsidi energi lintas kementerian, memperluas implementasi digital benefit transfer, serta menerapkan subsidi berbasis wilayah (geo-targeted subsidy) untuk mengatasi ketimpangan spasial dan gender.
Kebaruan – Penelitian ini mengembangkan kerangka konseptual multi-level yang mengintegrasikan pendekatan kebijakan publik, efisiensi ekonomi, dan dimensi sosial dalam satu model sistemik, berbeda dari studi sebelumnya yang cenderung terfragmentasi pada aspek makroekonomi atau fiskal semata.
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